In contrast, the elephant cerebral cortex, which has twice the mass of the human cerebral cortex, holds only 5.6 billion neurons, about one third of the number of neurons found in the human cerebral cortex. This makes the elephant an outlier in regard to the number of cerebellar neurons compared to other mammals, which might be related to sensorimotor specializations. We find that the African elephant brain, which is about three times larger than the human brain, contains 257 billion (10 9) neurons, three times more than the average human brain however, 97.5% of the neurons in the elephant brain (251 billion) are found in the cerebellum. What explains the superior cognitive abilities of the human brain compared to other, larger brains? Here we investigate the possibility that the human brain has a larger number of neurons than even larger brains by determining the cellular composition of the brain of the African elephant. 4School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.3MBF Bioscience, Inc., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.2Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, São Paulo, Brazil. ![]() ![]() 1Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Suzana Herculano-Houzel 1,2 * Kamilla Avelino-de-Souza 1,2 Kleber Neves 1,2 Jairo Porfírio 1,2 Débora Messeder 1,2 Larissa Mattos Feijó 1,2 José Maldonado 3 Paul R.
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